Learning objectives |
Upon the end of the course, the students will be
able to:
- Understand various important concepts of forecasting in the
areas of economics and business,
- Understand different approaches to modeling trend, seasonality
and persistence,
- Use the analytical tools that econometricians employ to analyze
data
- Tailor-make models for their applications and use them to
produce forecasts in economics and business,
- Use packaged computer programs for the forecasting purpose,
and
- Complete basic programming tasks using programming language
R.
|
Course prerequisites |
Forecasting of time series requires the use of
econometric models. The course assumes familiarity and completed
bachelor courses in economics, basic econometrics and regression
analysis. However, the necessary econometrics will be
reviewed. |
Prerequisites for registering for the exam
(activities during the teaching period) |
Number of compulsory
activities which must be approved (see section 13 of the Programme
Regulations): 2
Compulsory home
assignments
In order to qualify for the exam, each student has to submit and
pass Midterm Assignment consisting of two parts (both parts need a
pass)
Part 1: Midterm project of maximum 5 pages based on data of their
own choice.
Part 2: Everyone who handed in Part 1 Assignment has to read and
give written feedback to two fellow student's midterm project
assigned randomly.
|
Examination |
Forecasting in
Business and Economics:
|
Exam
ECTS |
7,5 |
Examination form |
Home assignment - written product |
Individual or group exam |
Individual exam |
Size of written product |
Max. 15 pages |
Assignment type |
Written assignment |
Release of assignment |
Subject chosen by students themselves, see
guidelines if any |
Duration |
Written product to be submitted on specified date
and time. |
Grading scale |
7-point grading scale |
Examiner(s) |
One internal examiner |
Exam period |
Winter |
Make-up exam/re-exam |
Same examination form as the ordinary exam
In order to qualify for the retake
exam, depending on the number of students registered, the Midterm
Assignment can be replaced with an oral 15-minute midterm exam
conducted approximately one month before the retake
exam.
|
|
Course content, structure and pedagogical
approach |
Accurate forecasting of future events and their outcomes is a
crucial input into a successful business or economic planning
process. Forecasting is used to answer important questions, such
as: How much profit will the business make? How much demand will
there be for a product or service? How much will it cost to produce
the product or offer the service? How much money will the company
need to borrow? When and how will borrowed funds be repaid?
Businesses must understand and use forecasting in order to answer
these important questions. This course provides an introduction to
the application of various forecasting techniques.
This course aims to introduce quantitative methods and techniques
for time series modeling, analysis, and forecasting. Emphasis
will also be put on the applications in economic and business
related areas. Computing is an integral part of this course,
therefore all students are expected to do data analysis, modeling
and forecasting with computer programming software.
The focus of the course is to use past data to predict the
future. The key concept is that there is an underlying
process that gives rise to the data. Using statistical
properties of that process, we can develop
forecasts. Forecasting methodology will be presented in a
lecture format. The application, however, is the centerpiece of the
presentation. During exercise sessions students will work on
real data applications.
We will start with simple models that are widely used in business
and progress to modern methods that are used by professional
forecasters and economists. We will be studying basic
components of time-series data, such as trend, seasonal, and
cyclical components, as well as basic model specification
techniques, such as moving average and auto regressions, used in
the forecasting of time-series.
All forecasting methods will be illustrated with detailed real
world applications designed to mimic typical forecasting
situations. The course uses applications not simply to illustrate
the methods but also drive home an important lesson, the
limitations of forecasting, by presenting truly realistic examples
in which not everything works perfectly! Examples of the
applications include, but not limited to, forecasting retail sales,
hotel occupancy, fishery output, consumer loan requests, predicting
expansion of fast food chain stores, modeling and forecasting
macroeconomic activity indices such as Gross Domestic Product,
unemployment and inflation, forecasting New York Stock
Exchange index and currency exchange rates and many other
applications.
The course’s development of personal
competences:
During the course, students will develop theoretical, empirical and
programming skills necessary for handling the time series analysis,
models and forecasts.
|
Description of the teaching methods |
Lectures and exercises in computer labs.
Students are expected to write a small mid-term paper, and complete
one peer-to-peer feedback assignment and write a 15-page final exam
individual paper as an examination requirement. The students will
be assessed by the research paper based on the individual
forecasting project with actual economic and business
data. |
Feedback during the teaching period |
Office Hours |
Student workload |
Preparation / exam |
170 hours |
Classes |
38 hours |
|
Expected literature |
Diebold FX Forecasting in Economics, Business, Finance and
Beyond. University of Pennsylvania, 2017.
- available on-line
http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~fdiebold/Teaching221/Forecasting.pdf
Diebold FX Elements of Forecasting, 4th edition (Cengage
Publishing, 2007).
- hard copy can be purchased used from on-line book stores
- available on-line
http://www.ssc.upenn.edu/~fdiebold/Teaching221/BookPhotocopy.pdf
- author's version http://www.ssc.upenn
.edu/~fdiebold/Teaching221/FullBook.pdf
Sometimes useful:
Bowerman R., O'Connell T., and Koehler AB, Forecasting, Time
Series, and Regression: An Applied Approach, 4th edition
(South-Western College Publishing, 2005 )
Hyndman, RJ, and Athanasopoulos, G., Forecasting: Principles and
Practice, 2nd edition (OTexts: Melbourne, Australia, 2018)
- available on-line
https://otexts.com/fpp3/
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